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# 🚀 SSH for GitHub Actions
English | [繁體中文](./README.zh-tw.md) | [简体中文](./README.zh-cn.md)
## Table of Contents
- [🚀 SSH for GitHub Actions](#-ssh-for-github-actions)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [📖 Introduction](#-introduction)
- [🧩 Core Concepts \& Input Parameters](#-core-concepts--input-parameters)
- [🔌 Connection Settings](#-connection-settings)
- [🛠️ SSH Command Settings](#️-ssh-command-settings)
- [🌐 Proxy Settings](#-proxy-settings)
- [⚡ Quick Start](#-quick-start)
- [🔑 SSH Key Setup \& OpenSSH Compatibility](#-ssh-key-setup--openssh-compatibility)
- [Setting Up SSH Keys](#setting-up-ssh-keys)
- [Generate RSA key](#generate-rsa-key)
- [Generate ED25519 key](#generate-ed25519-key)
- [OpenSSH Compatibility](#openssh-compatibility)
- [🛠️ Usage Scenarios \& Advanced Examples](#️-usage-scenarios--advanced-examples)
- [Using password authentication](#using-password-authentication)
- [Using private key authentication](#using-private-key-authentication)
- [Multiple commands](#multiple-commands)
- [Run commands from a file](#run-commands-from-a-file)
- [Multiple hosts](#multiple-hosts)
- [Multiple hosts with different ports](#multiple-hosts-with-different-ports)
- [Synchronous execution on multiple hosts](#synchronous-execution-on-multiple-hosts)
- [Pass environment variables to shell script](#pass-environment-variables-to-shell-script)
- [🌐 Proxy \& Jump Host Usage](#-proxy--jump-host-usage)
- [🛡️ Security Best Practices](#️-security-best-practices)
- [Protecting Your Private Key](#protecting-your-private-key)
- [Host Fingerprint Verification](#host-fingerprint-verification)
- [🚨 Error Handling \& Troubleshooting](#-error-handling--troubleshooting)
- [Q\&A](#qa)
- [Command not found (npm or other command)](#command-not-found-npm-or-other-command)
- [🤝 Contributing](#-contributing)
- [📝 License](#-license)
---
## 📖 Introduction
**SSH for GitHub Actions** is a powerful [GitHub Action](https://github.com/features/actions) for executing remote SSH commands easily and securely in your CI/CD workflows.
Built with [Golang](https://go.dev) and [drone-ssh](https://github.com/appleboy/drone-ssh), it supports a wide range of SSH scenarios, including multi-host, proxy, and advanced authentication.
![ssh workflow](./images/ssh-workflow.png)
[![testing main branch](https://github.com/appleboy/ssh-action/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/appleboy/ssh-action/actions/workflows/main.yml)
---
## 🧩 Core Concepts & Input Parameters
This action provides flexible SSH command execution with a rich set of configuration options.
For full details, see [action.yml](./action.yml).
### 🔌 Connection Settings
These parameters control how the action connects to your remote host.
| Parameter | Description | Default |
| ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
| host | SSH host address | |
| port | SSH port number | 22 |
| username | SSH username | |
| password | SSH password | |
| protocol | SSH protocol version (`tcp`, `tcp4`, `tcp6`) | tcp |
| sync | Run synchronously if multiple hosts are specified | false |
| timeout | Timeout for SSH connection to host | 30s |
| key | Content of SSH private key (e.g., raw content of `~/.ssh/id_rsa`) | |
| key_path | Path to SSH private key | |
| passphrase | Passphrase for the SSH private key | |
| fingerprint | SHA256 fingerprint of the host public key | |
| use_insecure_cipher | Allow additional (less secure) ciphers | false |
| cipher | Allowed cipher algorithms. Uses sensible defaults if unspecified | |
---
### 🛠️ SSH Command Settings
These parameters control the commands executed on the remote host and related behaviors.
| Parameter | Description | Default |
| --------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------- |
| script | Commands to execute remotely | |
| script_path | Path to a file in the repository containing commands to execute remotely | |
| envs | Environment variables to pass to the shell script | |
| envs_format | Flexible configuration for environment variable transfer | |
| allenvs | Pass all environment variables with `GITHUB_` and `INPUT_` prefixes to the script | false |
| command_timeout | Timeout for SSH command execution | 10m |
| debug | Enable debug mode | false |
| request_pty | Request a pseudo-terminal from the server | false |
| curl_insecure | Allow curl to connect to SSL sites without certificates | false |
| version | drone-ssh binary version. If not specified, the latest version will be used. | |
---
### 🌐 Proxy Settings
These parameters control the use of a proxy (jump host) for connecting to your target host.
| Parameter | Description | Default |
| ------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ------- |
| proxy_host | SSH proxy host | |
| proxy_port | SSH proxy port | 22 |
| proxy_username | SSH proxy username | |
| proxy_password | SSH proxy password | |
| proxy_passphrase | SSH proxy key passphrase | |
| proxy_protocol | SSH proxy protocol version | tcp |
| proxy_timeout | Timeout for SSH connection to proxy host | 30s |
| proxy_key | Content of SSH proxy private key | |
| proxy_key_path | Path to SSH proxy private key | |
| proxy_fingerprint | SHA256 fingerprint of the proxy host public key | |
| proxy_cipher | Allowed cipher algorithms for the proxy | |
| proxy_use_insecure_cipher | Allow insecure ciphers for the proxy | false |
> **Note:** To mimic the removed `script_stop` option, add `set -e` at the top of your shell script.
---
## ⚡ Quick Start
Run remote SSH commands in your workflow with minimal configuration:
```yaml
name: Remote SSH Command
on: [push]
jobs:
build:
name: Build
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Execute remote SSH commands using password
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: linuxserver.io
password: ${{ secrets.PASSWORD }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script: whoami
```
**Output:**
```sh
======CMD======
whoami
======END======
linuxserver.io
===============================================
✅ Successfully executed commands to all hosts.
===============================================
```
---
## 🔑 SSH Key Setup & OpenSSH Compatibility
### Setting Up SSH Keys
It is best practice to create SSH keys on your local machine (not on a remote server). Log in with the username specified in GitHub Secrets and generate a key pair:
#### Generate RSA key
```bash
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com"
```
#### Generate ED25519 key
```bash
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -a 200 -C "your_email@example.com"
```
Add the new public key to the authorized keys on your server. [Learn more about authorized keys.](https://www.ssh.com/ssh/authorized_keys/)
```bash
# Add RSA key
cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user@host 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'
# Add ED25519 key
cat .ssh/id_ed25519.pub | ssh user@host 'cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys'
```
Copy the private key content and paste it into GitHub Secrets.
```bash
# macOS
pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_rsa
# Ubuntu
xclip < ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```
> **Tip:** Copy from `-----BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----` to `-----END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----` (inclusive).
For ED25519:
```bash
# macOS
pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
# Ubuntu
xclip < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
```
See more: [SSH login without a password](http://www.linuxproblem.org/art_9.html).
> **Note:** Depending on your SSH version, you may also need to:
>
> - Place the public key in `.ssh/authorized_keys2`
> - Set `.ssh` permissions to 700
> - Set `.ssh/authorized_keys2` permissions to 640
### OpenSSH Compatibility
If you see this error:
```bash
ssh: handshake failed: ssh: unable to authenticate, attempted methods [none publickey]
```
On Ubuntu 20.04+ you may need to explicitly allow the `ssh-rsa` algorithm. Add this to your OpenSSH daemon config (`/etc/ssh/sshd_config` or a drop-in under `/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/`):
```bash
CASignatureAlgorithms +ssh-rsa
```
Alternatively, use ED25519 keys (supported by default):
```bash
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -a 200 -C "your_email@example.com"
```
---
## 🛠️ Usage Scenarios & Advanced Examples
This section covers common and advanced usage patterns, including multi-host, proxy, and environment variable passing.
### Using password authentication
```yaml
- name: Execute remote SSH commands using password
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
password: ${{ secrets.PASSWORD }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script: whoami
```
### Using private key authentication
```yaml
- name: Execute remote SSH commands using SSH key
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script: whoami
```
### Multiple commands
```yaml
- name: Multiple commands
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script: |
whoami
ls -al
```
![result](./images/output-result.png)
### Run commands from a file
```yaml
- name: File commands
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script_path: scripts/script.sh
```
### Multiple hosts
```diff
- name: Multiple hosts
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
- host: "foo.com"
+ host: "foo.com,bar.com"
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script: |
whoami
ls -al
```
Default `port` is `22`.
### Multiple hosts with different ports
```diff
- name: Multiple hosts
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
- host: "foo.com"
+ host: "foo.com:1234,bar.com:5678"
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
script: |
whoami
ls -al
```
### Synchronous execution on multiple hosts
```diff
- name: Multiple hosts
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: "foo.com,bar.com"
+ sync: true
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
script: |
whoami
ls -al
```
### Pass environment variables to shell script
```diff
- name: Pass environment
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
+ env:
+ FOO: "BAR"
+ BAR: "FOO"
+ SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
+ envs: FOO,BAR,SHA
script: |
echo "I am $FOO"
echo "I am $BAR"
echo "sha: $SHA"
```
> _All environment variables in the `env` object must be strings. Using integers or other types may cause unexpected results._
---
## 🌐 Proxy & Jump Host Usage
You can connect to remote hosts via a proxy (jump host) for advanced network topologies.
```bash
+--------+ +----------+ +-----------+
| Laptop | <--> | Jumphost | <--> | FooServer |
+--------+ +----------+ +-----------+
```
Example `~/.ssh/config`:
```bash
Host Jumphost
HostName Jumphost
User ubuntu
Port 22
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/keys/jump_host.pem
Host FooServer
HostName FooServer
User ubuntu
Port 22
ProxyCommand ssh -q -W %h:%p Jumphost
```
**GitHub Actions YAML:**
```diff
- name: SSH proxy command
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
+ proxy_host: ${{ secrets.PROXY_HOST }}
+ proxy_username: ${{ secrets.PROXY_USERNAME }}
+ proxy_key: ${{ secrets.PROXY_KEY }}
+ proxy_port: ${{ secrets.PROXY_PORT }}
script: |
mkdir abc/def
ls -al
```
---
## 🛡️ Security Best Practices
### Protecting Your Private Key
A passphrase encrypts your private key, making it useless to attackers if leaked. Always store your private key securely.
```diff
- name: SSH key passphrase
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
+ passphrase: ${{ secrets.PASSPHRASE }}
script: |
whoami
ls -al
```
### Host Fingerprint Verification
Verifying the SSH host fingerprint helps prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. To get your host's fingerprint (replace `ed25519` with your key type and `example.com` with your host):
```sh
ssh example.com ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub | cut -d ' ' -f2
```
Update your config:
```diff
- name: SSH key passphrase
uses: appleboy/ssh-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
+ fingerprint: ${{ secrets.FINGERPRINT }}
script: |
whoami
ls -al
```
---
## 🚨 Error Handling & Troubleshooting
### Q&A
#### Command not found (npm or other command)
If you encounter "command not found" errors, see [this issue comment](https://github.com/appleboy/ssh-action/issues/31#issuecomment-1006565847) about interactive vs non-interactive shells.
On many Linux distros, `/etc/bash.bashrc` contains:
```sh
# If not running interactively, don't do anything
[ -z "$PS1" ] && return
```
Comment out this line or use absolute paths for your commands.
---
## 🤝 Contributing
Contributions are welcome! Please submit a pull request to help improve `appleboy/ssh-action`.
---
## 📝 License
This project is licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE).